Since 1999, their results have been replicated and expanded. As a group, children with DLD scored significantly lower than TD controls on both comprehension-related and code-related emergent literacy tasks. They assessed 18 English-speaking preschool children with DLD, using Leonard's (2014) criteria excluding children with low nonverbal intelligence, and 18 typically developing (TD) peers matched for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. One of the first studies to systematically evaluate the emergent literacy skills of children with DLD was conducted by Boudreau and Hedberg (1999). Emergent literacy can be conceptualized as two distinct but interrelated groups of skills: comprehension-related skills (e.g., vocabulary, grammar, print concept knowledge), which primarily underlie later reading comprehension, and code-related skills (e.g., phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, name writing), which primarily underlie later decoding (Connor, 2016 Storch & Whitehurst, 2002 Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998). The term emergent literacy refers to the foundational skills that develop before a child receives formal reading instruction and are consistently predictive of their later reading ability (Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998). Of relevance to the current study, these lags begin to appear on tasks of emergent literacy (Boudreau & Hedberg, 1999 Pavelko et al., 2018 Tambyraja et al., 2015). While children with DLD primarily experience difficulties with the comprehension and production of oral language, there is evidence that they struggle to comprehend and produce written language, as well (e.g., Snowling et al., 2019). The STAAR program includes assessments that address students receiving special education services and also for emerging bilinguals (EBs) who meet particular participation requirements.DLD affects between 7% and 10% of the population (Norbury et al., 2016 Tomblin et al., 1996) and is characterized by severe difficulty with language not attributable to other known conditions, such as genetic syndromes, autism spectrum disorder, acquired brain injury, or hearing loss (Bishop et al., 2016 Leonard, 2014). Answer keys to online samplers of new question types.Mathematics | RLA | Science | Social Studies Clarification on Social Studies TEKS for State-mandated Assessment.The links below contain specific resources for the STAAR assessment program: Mathematics Explanation of the Terms Such As and Including on STAAR (PDF posted 06/23/15). ![]()
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